Referir andaimes, leva-me à clássica pergunta de como Miguel Ângelo pintou o teto da Capela Sistina. Obviamente com andaimes. Isso é válido para todas as pinturas nos tetos e paredes. Ao longo dos séculos, esta pintura ficou enegrecida devido ao pó e partículas de fumo e foi restaurada há pouco tempo.
Nessa altura reparou-se que tinha havido alterações ao longo dos séculos, nomeadamente pela introdução de panos nas partes pudendas das personagens representadas. Entretanto, essas alterações eram muito antigas, e também fazem parte da história, e por isso levantaram vários problemas filosóficos em relação ao restauro. Finalmente, foi decido manter esses panos. Problemas semelhantes se levantam em relação às estátuas, que no tempo dos gregos e romanos eram em geral pintadas, e, claro, tinham braços e pernas. Nós habituámos-nos a vê-las assim mutiladas e sem cor e não seria possível aceitar esse “retorno ao passado” tão radical, mas já encontrei museus onde é feita essa recriação (com modelos, claro) e achei muito interessante. No Vaticano, a Basílica de São Pedro, a Capela Sistina, e muitas outras coisas são muito interessantes obviamente. Mas é também interessante pensar nos meios, conhecimentos, quantidade de pessoas e tempo envolvidos. Todas estas coisas demoraram anos a ser feitas e envolveram centenas de trabalhadores. Quando dizemos que o papa, ou um rei, fez fez isto, ou aquilo estamos a resumir o que aconteceu. E mesmo quando dizemos que um artista fez algo, muitas vezes estamos a esquecer todas os operários e os aprendizes envolvidos, e os meios usados. Já quase na saída encontrámos uma montra denominada “farmácia do Vaticano.” É óbvio que é mais uma coisa para atrair os turistas, mas é baseada numa realizada histórica. Há toda uma tradição de medicamentos e cosméticos descobertos e feitos pelos monges. Não resisto a fazer uma citação de Prichett, de 1954, que encontrei num livro de Paul Theroux: “ O turista faz parte da nossa civilização, como o peregrino na Idade Média.” A Galeria de Arte Moderna e Contemporânea surpreendeu-nos pelos arranjos entre “novo” e “velho,” pelos diálogos entre as obras, e mesmo pelas obras em si. Fomos lá por não termos podido ido visitar a Galeria da Villa Borghese (os bilhetes estavam esgotados). Visitámos, no entanto, os jardins e andámos por ali. Já tinha reparado no mesmo em Florença, mas achei os jardins bastante pobres de espécies vegetais, se comparados com os portugueses. As sebes eram, tal como as de Florença, de louro-cerejo, uma espécie venenosa por ter amigdalina. Há quem diga que era esse “louro” que ornava as cabeças dos romanos (“qual coisa, bastava comer uma folhas”). Não acredito muito nessa versão. Há um grande conjunto de mitos e histórias que se foram instalando. E é sobre as ideias feitas que em geral não meditamos. Uma delas seria a ideia de “vomitar”. As escadas do coliseu “vomitavam pessoas,” numa clara figura de estilo, não tinham em geral “pessoas a vomitar,” e muitas outras. Na galeria de arte moderna, tirei muitas fotos, mas aqui posso só partilhar algumas. Na minha opinião, não devemos só ir ver as coisas mais conhecidas como a Fontana de Trevi, o Panteão, ou a Capela Sistina, mas aventurar-se a ver outras coisas, muitas vezes por acaso. Passei algum tempo a ver uma instalação-filme de 2020 de Egill Sæbjörnsson, “From Magma to Mankind.” Achei muito interessante a ideia. Ao ver o filme refleti sobre o conhecimento que temos, mas também sobre o que se perdeu, ou é menos conhecido. O efeito de magma feito em casa é com o aquecimentos e cristalização de bismuto. Aqueles cristais azulados esverdeados, com formas retas, são espetaculares. E vendiam-se nas farmácias para diversas maleitas. Quantos de nós, mesmo químicos, os conhecemos? Houve muitas outras coisas que me chamaram a atenção, mas gostaria de referir mais duas: aas cores das rochas e os materiais de que é feito o famoso urinol de Duchamp. Em itália vi muitas estátuas de mármore negro. Imagino que esse mármore incorpore bastante matérias carbonáceas que origianem essa cor. É o mesmo dos negros nas rochas dos passeios penso eu. O urinol parece um objeto trivial, mas quanta tecnologia encerra. O branco de óxido de estanho, o vidrado, a fainça que começou por ser uma argila que ao ser cozida perde água e ganha novas ligações química irreversívies. Sim, Duchamp tem razão. Merece estar no museu! A visita ao Jardim Botânico foi curta, mas pude reparar em duas coisas: a explicação da vegetação num lago e os canteiros das ervas medicinais. Se a explicação das plantas do lago era muito interessante em termos de comunicação científica, foi nos canteiros das ervas medicinais que me detive mais tempo. Podia referir muitas coisas, mas achei muito interessante uma planta (Centranthus ruber) ser aqui conhecida como “valeriana vermelha.” É muito comum em Portugal, nos muros e telhados e eu já sabia que que tem mais valeriato que a própria valeriana que é usada como calmante. Isso, acontece muito mais vezes do que se pensa. Uma planta pode ser a origem de uma molécula, mas como sabemos a sua estrutura e propriedades podemos encontrá-la noutras plantas, doseá-la rigorosamente, modificá-la ou obtê-la de forma sintética, evitando que a planta se extinga, ou usando processos mais económicos e sustentáveis.Seria impossível resumir todos os aspetos científicos em que reparei e sobre os quais refleti. Mas isto é o que tenho para dizer por agora num passeio químico em Roma, trilhando o caminho do “Grand Tour.” A seguir seguiremos para Nápoles e Sicília.
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I hadn't been in Rome for nearly thirty years, but I have a vivid memory of many things. Namely that I hadn't seen the Coliseum or the Sistine Chapel. I went there now. It was very hot, we tried to go in the shade, drank a lot of water, and also sweated a lot. An important way to cool down is to sweat, as condensation is an endothermic process. When water changes from a vapor state to a liquid state, it extracts heat from its surroundings and the system cools down.In the places where we walked, namely near the river, there were many trees. I was struck by a street with Ginkgo biloba and by the statues that are almost swallowed up by the trees in the parks. I also noticed the characteristic vines. I still entertained the idea that these could be hops, but they are Japanese ivy after all. I happened to pass on Panisperna Street, where the ivy crosses the street. On this street, there was a sign alluding to the boys (Fermi, Segré, Majorana, and others) who accessed the Physics Institute at number 89. And that paved the way for the nuclear era, the sign said. Yes, although radioactivity was already known, it will be with Fermi that the way is opened for the synthesis of artificial elements.The Trevi Fountain is one of those tourist places to avoid in the summer, one would say. However, I went there twice. Around 4 pm, when there was a large crowd, and around 8 am, when there were already people, but in much smaller numbers. I took some photographs, in particular of the many coins that tourists throw. Coins of ten or more cents are resistant to oxidation, but those of one to five cents are not, as they are made of copper-covered iron. But I think that the latter has almost no time to oxidize because I imagine they take them off frequently. If they stayed longer, they would leave their characteristic marks.In the house where we were are staying there was a classic coffee maker to make coffee on the stove. Ground coffee is placed in the filter and water in the lower compartment. This water is boiled and passes through the coffee and condenses in the upper compartment, creating the aromatic liquid known as coffee. The stove uses gas which, when burned, has a blue color due to the emission of some of the hydrocarbon radicals. This has been known for over a century and a half, being called Swan bands.In the apartment and the building, a lot of attention was paid to the separation of rubbish. In the lobby, there were five bins: glass, plastic packaging, paper, organic waste, and non-recyclables. I've noticed elsewhere that garbage trucks pick up garbage from buildings, but I'm not sure this is very efficient. It may seem ridiculous, in a city full of monuments and historical aspects, for someone to draw attention to garbage. But there was a lot on every street. The city of Rome has been struggling with this problem for a long time. Of course, there is a lot of tourist pressure, but it is very rare to find bins on the street to separate the different types of garbage. In houses and buildings, garbage is separated as I mentioned, but on the street, there was almost none. Whoever decides the strategies has the numbers and maybe it's better that way, but the result doesn't look good. As I mentioned, in Rome there is great tourist pressure. The most emblematic places are full of people and the result is that many things are done for tourists. There are many sellers of fresh water and other things on the streets. In the emblematic "Campo de' Fiori" square, at the fair there was only one tent with flowers, almost everything else was for tourists. In this square, there were several public executions, namely of Giordano Bruno. There are many misunderstandings and misconceptions regarding this philosopher and adventurer and the reasons for his public execution, but to retain is the fundamental one: freedom of thought must not be repressed.The great attraction of the Doria Pamphilj gallery is Velázquez's impressive portrait of Innocent X of which Francis Bacon, in the 20th century, made many versions. There are several portraits and statues of this pope who started the great importance that this family will have in the future. In this gallery, the statues of Bellini are also interesting, being able to see in them the ability to sculpt small details. Goethe, on his trip to Italy, mentions that marble is a “magical” material that seems to give life to objects (I will return to this subject in connection with Naples and the Veiled Christ in the Sansevero Chapel). In the Pamphilj palace, there are old lamps that still work, with platinum filaments. This type of filament was later replaced by tungsten filaments, a metal with a higher melting point. This development was carried out in Edison's laboratories by Langmuir and his team, who would go on to win the Nobel Prize for their studies of gases on surfaces. Interesting is also the mud brick floor is arranged in various arrangements. In this gallery, you can also see old glass (I think from the 17th century) from a window. And you can also see old mirrors that have lost their ability to reflect because the metal behind the glass has oxidized. A good part of this information is given in the audio guide which, in addition to being free, is essential, being narrated by current family members.I hesitated a little before going inside the Colosseum, but it was worth it. I didn't have a “full experience” ticket, but I didn't miss it. I liked how the stage was raised and the animals and gladiators came from below in elevators that involved counterweights (this was shown in the museum). I also liked seeing the references to the different things that those who watched took with them. In a display case were peach pits and bones from this activity. You could take a measure of wine, but the water was free and distributed in several places. With these data, we can imagine (although this image is conditioned by countless films) what it was like to watch a show there. Returning to water, in Rome, there were many places where you could drink water and fill bottles. Today, as we are used to faucets at home, we can hardly understand how this was a great advance and allowed life in cities. How this water was kept potable without chlorine seems interesting to me. I suspect that these waters were heavily contaminated with microorganisms, but many of these contaminations were not serious, and most people at the time lived in balance with them. First, this water would be filtered in the springs, passing through successive layers of sediment and films of beneficial bacteria, then it would release their sediments into the tanks, where there was little oxygen for the harmful bacteria to develop, and finally, it would flow in the aqueducts where it received oxygen, reaching quickly to people. But none of this was without problems. There could easily be bacterial and other microorganisms contaminations, and the springs could already have non-beneficial compounds such as the ones of arsenic and excess selenium compounds or gain new ones in the networks such as the ones of lead.I noticed the scaffolds that have tubes usually made of iron covered with zinc (galvanized), but they were joined in a different way than I knew, either by plastic connections, or a greenish alloy that seemed to contain manganese. It's like that in Rome, but in other cities I've been to, namely Naples, it's similar.Referring to scaffolding leads me to the classic question of how Michelangelo painted the Sistine Chapel ceiling. Obviously with scaffolding. This is valid for all paintings on ceilings and walls. Over the centuries, this painting has blackened due to dust and smoke particles and has only recently been restored. At that time, it was noticed that there had been changes over the centuries, namely by the introduction of clothes in the private parts of the characters represented.
However, these changes were very old, and they are also part of history, so they raised several philosophical problems concerning restoration. Finally, it was decided to keep these clothes. Similar problems arise with the statues, which in Greek and Roman times were mostly painted, and, of course, had arms and legs. We got used to seeing them mutilated and colorless and it would not be possible to accept such a radical “return to the past”, but I have already found museums where this recreation is done (with models, of course) and I found it very interesting.In the Vatican, St. Peter's Basilica, the Sistine Chapel, and many other things are very interesting. But it is also interesting to think about the means, knowledge, number of people, and time involved. All these things took years to do and involved hundreds of workers. When we say that the pope, or a king, "did this", or "made that", we are summarizing what happened. And even when we say that an artist has "done something", we are often forgetting all the workers and apprentices involved, and the means used.Almost on the way out, we found a window called “Vatican Pharmacy.” It's one more thing to attract tourists, but it's based on a historic achievement. There is a whole tradition of medicines and cosmetics discovered and made by the monks. I cannot resist quoting Prichett, from 1954, which I found in a book by Paul Theroux: “The tourist is part of our civilization, like the pilgrim in the Middle Ages.”The Gallery of Modern and Contemporary Art surprised us by the arrangements between “new” and “old”, by the dialogues between the works, and even by the works themselves. We went there because we couldn't visit the Villa Borghese Gallery (tickets were sold out). We did, however, visit the gardens and walk around. I had already noticed the same thing in Florence, but I found the gardens to be quite poor in plant species, compared to the Portuguese ones. The hedges were, like those in Florence, cherry laurel, a poisonous plant for having amygdalin. Some say that it was this plant that adorned the heads of the Romans (“any problem, it was enough to eat a leaf”). I don't believe in this. We note, that there is a large set of myths and stories that have been installed. And it's preconceived ideas that we don't usually think about. One of them would be the idea of “vomiting”. The coliseum stairs “vomited people,” in a clear figure of style, unlike the general idea of “people vomiting” over the stair, and many others. In the modern art gallery, I took a lot of pictures, but here I can only share a few. In my opinion, we shouldn't just go and see the most famous things like the Trevi Fountain, the Pantheon, or the Sistine Chapel, but venture out to see other things, often by chance. I spent some time watching a 2020 film installation by Egill Sæbjörnsson, “From Magma to Mankind.” I found the idea very interesting. When watching the film, I reflected on the knowledge we have, but also on the one been lost, or is less known. Homemade magma is made by the heating and crystallization of bismuth. Those bluish-green crystals, with straight shapes, are spectacular. And they were sold in pharmacies for various ailments. How many of us, even chemists, know this? Many other things caught my attention, but I would like to mention two more: the colors of the rocks and the materials that Duchamp's famous urinal is made of. In Italy, I saw many black marble statues. I imagine that this marble incorporates a lot of carbonaceous materials that give rise to this color. It's the same as the blacks on the rocks on the sidewalks I think. The urinal seems like a trivial object, but how much technology does it contain? The white of tin oxide, the glaze, the earthenware that began as clay that, when fired, loses water and gains new irreversible chemical bonds. Yes, Duchamp is right. Deserves to be in the museum!The visit to the Botanical Garden was short, but I noticed two things: the explanation of the vegetation in a pound and the beds of medicinal herbs. The explanation of the plants in the pound was very interesting in terms of scientific communication, but it was on the medicinal herb beds that I spent the most time. I could mention many things, but I found it very interesting that a plant (Centranthus ruber) is known here as “red valerian.” It is very common in Portugal, on walls and roofs and I already knew that it has more valerate than valerian itself, which is used as a tranquilizer.This happens much more often than you think. A plant can be the origin of a molecule, but as we know its structure and properties, we can find it in other plants, measure it rigorously, modify it or obtain it synthetically, preventing the plant from becoming extinct, or using more economical and sustainable processes.
It would be impossible to summarize all the scientific aspects I noticed and reflected on. But this is what I have to say for now on a chemical tour of Rome, following the path of the “Grand Tour.” Then we'll go to Naples and Sicily.
[atualização com um novo parágrafo em 29 de agosto de 2022]
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